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Madagascar: Madagascar, known as the Great Island, was suject to several immigration waves: Indonesian from the 3rd until the 8th century, Arab like in all the eastern coast of Africa ...
* Antogil: Hungarian adventurer Maurice Auguste de Beinowsky was elected Ampansacabe (emperor or king of kings) on 11/2/1794 by local kings ...
* Arindrano: One of the 4 Betsileo chiefdoms ...
* Betsimisaraka: The Betsimisaraka country is located on the east coast of Madagascar. The Betsimisaraka people came probably from Israël and mixed with local African people. In 1674 ...
* Boïna: A Salakava kingdom founded in the 18th century by a scion of the Menabe kingdom ...
* Fort Dauphin: A pirate kingdom founded in the 17th century by Abraham Samuel, from Martinique, recognised by a local princess as her son ...
* Isandra: One of the 4 Betsileo chiefdoms ...
* Lalangina: One of the 4 Betsileo chiefdoms ...
* Manandriana: One of the 4 Betsileo chiefdoms ...
* Menabe: A Sakalava kingdom suppressed by the French in 1900
* Ranter Bay: A pirate kingdom founded in 1715 by James Plantain, from Jamaica ...
* Sainte Marie: A pirate kingdom founded c1691 by Adam on the island of Sainte Marie ...
* Tamatave
* Tanibe: A kingdom founded by adventurer Jacques Glond from 1822 until 1828 when annexed by greater Madagascar ...
* Vohibato

Malawi
* Jere: Also known as Qeko ...
* Nkhota Kota: A traditional polity in Malawi ...
* Nyasaland
* Qeko

Malaysia: The Kingdom of Malaysia was created in 1957 as a federation of 9 hereditary sultanates ...
* Johol: One of the 5 ruling states incorporated into the State of Negeri Sembilan ...
* Johor: The Johor name covers several states: 1° A sultanate (1526-1811), previously named Singapore (1160-1252) then Malacca (1254-1526) then amputed of the sultanate-island of Singapore, Riau Lingga (1811-1911) ...
* Kedah: Today part of the Federation of Malaysia ...
* Kelantan: Today part of the Federation of Malaysia ...
* Kinabatangan: Pengiran Samah in Sabah separated from Sulu in 1879, declared himself the Sultan of Kinabatang, and was killed in 1884 ...
* Mandailing

* Negeri Sembilan: Previously named Sri Menanti. On 1/7/1896, Negeri Sembilan formed the Federated Malay States with Pahang, Selangor and Perak on 1/7/1896 ...
* Pahang: Today part of the Federation of Malaysia ...

* Perak: A sultanate created in 1529 by a son of the Sultan of Johor ...

* Perlis: Today part of the Federation of Malaysia ...
* Rembau: One of the 5 ruling states incorporated into the State of Negeri Sembilan ...

* Sarawak: James Brooke, a British adventurer who commanded his own ship "The Royalist" arrived in Kuching. He helped Raja Muda Hashim, the son of the Brunei sultan, to suppress the rebellion. In return for his assistance, he was given the territory and title Raja of Sarawak on 24/9/1841 ...

* Selangor: A sultanate created in 1756 ...
* Sri Menanti
* Tampin: One of the 5 ruling states incorporated into the State of Negeri Sembilan ...

* Terengganu: Terengganu was an important trading centre in the 13th century. Later it became a vassal state of the Majapahit Empire of Java ...

Maldives:  A Muslim sultanate was established in the Maldive Islands in medieval times but fell briefly to the Portuguese in the mid-16th century until it was restored in 1573 until 1968 ...

Mali: Named after the Mali Empire, the area is known by the city of Tombouctou, a center of Islamic study. The French took control in 1898 ...
* Kaarta: under development
* Segou: A kingdom created by the Bambara (or crocodile people) in 1650, after the fall of the Songhaï empire of Goa ...
* Soudan (Sudanese Republic)

Marshall Islands: Being visited by British captain John Marshall in 1788,  the islands owe their name to him ...

Mauritania: A French protectorate from 1903, independent on 28/11/1960 and ruling over the south of Spanish Sahara (today Western Sahara) from 1976 until 1979 ...
* Adrar: One of the 4 emirates of present Mauritania. The dynasty claimed descent from Jafar ben Ali Talib alias al Tayyar (+629), an elder brother of 4th Caliph Ali ...
* Brakna: Brakna started as a group of tribes, among which the Awlad Abdalla can be considered as the founder of the Emirate in the 17th century ...
* Hodh: An emirate in present Mauritania, founded in the 17th century ...
* Idawi
* Oualata: A Berber principality vassal before the 11th century of the kingdom of Ghana and thereafter of the empire of Mali ...
* Tagant: One of the 4 emirates of present Mauritania founded in the 17th century. Tagant started as a group of tribes, the Idawi, among which the Ahl Mhammad Min Huna can be ...
* Trarza: Trarza started in the 17th century as a group of tribes, among which the Awlad Ahmad ben Daman can be considered as the founder of the Emirate in the 17th century ...
* Walata

Mauritius: Abandoned by the Dutch who baptized the Island after Prince Mauritius, the island became a French colony when, in September 1715 ...

Mexico: Mexico was the seat of the Aztec empire when Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes destroyed the empire in 1519-1521. Under Spanish rule, Mexico was named New Spain ...
Mexico (Habsbourg Lorraine Dynasty): With French support, Archduke Ferdinand of Austria became Emperor Maximilien I on 10/4/1864 until defeated on 14/5/1867, condemned to death on 4/6/1867 and shot ...

Mexico (Iturbide Dynasty): Don Agustin de Iturbide, the son of a Spanish nobleman from Navarra who settled in Mexico in 1766, became sympathetic to the cause of independence of Mexico between ...

Mexico (Moctezuma Dynasty): The Kingdom of Tecnochtitlan (today Mexico City) was founded c1325 by Aztec kings or emperors who were defeated by Conquistador Hernan Cortes in 1522 ...
* Michoacan
* Tenayocan
* Texcoco: A Chichimeque city state founded in the 12th century, the 2nd most important in the Aztec empire receiving 2/5th of the tribute collected by the empire
* Tzintzuntzan: A city state of small polities united in the 13th century and abolished by the Spanish in 1522

Micronesia
* Ngatik: Ngatik is one of the atolls of the Caroline islands, today the independent Federated States of Micronesia. British sailor Charles Hart established one of his assistants as king ...
* Yap: A chiefdom of several islands in Micronesia ...

Mongolia (Outer): In 1650, the son of the Mongol Khan of Urga (today Ulaanbaatar) was named a Living Buddha and an alliance of Buddhist theocracy and secular Mongol aristocracy ruled the country from 1696 ...

Morocco: The present Alawi dynasty took power over the ruins of the previous Saadi dynasty, in the mid 17th century. Both dynasties claimed descent from the Prophet Muhammad ...
Morocco (Saadi Dynasty): Descended from Holy Prophet Muhammad’s son in law 4th Caliph Ali, the Saadi or Hassanid dynasty overthrew the Wattasi dynasty (1472-1549) and were succeeded in 1631 by ...
* Tetouan: A treaty of 27/11/1912 between France and Spain, the two protecting powers then of Morocco, provided that a member of the Moroccan imperial family was appointed ...

Mozambique: Discovered by the Portuguese in 1505, independent since 25/6/1975 ...
* Balunda
* Lunda
* Makanga: A kingdom founded by Portuguese settlers in the 19th century ...
* Manica: A state founded c1494, originally under the suzerainty of Karanga, conquered in 1695 by Cangamire ...
* Massangana: A state in Mozambique founded by a Thai settler ...
* Zoutpansberg: In the early 1850s, Portuguese adventurer Joao Albasini established a prazero settlement on the Zoutpansberg ...

Myanmar (Burma): The Burmese monarchy dates back at least the 11th century when much of present-day Burma was unified under the Pagan dynasty. The Pagan dynasty ruled until ...
* Arakan: Independent kingdom conquered by the Alaungpaya Kings of Burma in 1785 ...
* Chiangtung
* Hsahtung: Although not ethically Shan but Pa O, Hsahtung is a state created by Yawnghwe for Pa O refugees of the then Hsahtung kingdom in the lower Burma plains after destruction by the Burmese kings ...
* Hsamonghkam: One of the 34 Shan states who were recognized by the British protectorate of Burma within the 1922 Federated Shan States and later constituted an autonomous region ...
* Hsenwi
* Hsipaw: The legendary history of Hsipaw says that it was founded in 58 BC by Sao Hkun Hkam Saw, a descendant of Khun Lie of Mong Pawng or Mong Pong, as a dependent state of the Kingdom of Mong Mao ...
* Hsi Seng: One of the 34 Shan states who were recognized by the British protectorate of Burma within the 1922 Federated Shan States and later constituted an autonomous region ...
* Keng Lon: under development
* Kengtung: The largest of the 34 Shan states who were recognized by the British protectorate of Burma within the 1922 Federated Shan States. In 1943, the Japanese transferred ...
* Keramat, Keramaj
* Kesi: One of the 34 Shan states who were recognized by the British protectorate of Burma within the 1922 Federated Shan States and later constituted an autonomous region ...
* Laihka: One of the 34 Shan states who were recognized by the British protectorate of Burma within the 1922 Federated Shan States and later constituted an autonomous region ...
* Lawksawk: One of the 34 Shan states, said to be founded in 1630, probably a part of Yawnghwe before 1630, who were recognized by the British protectorate of Burma within the 1922 ...
* Mogung
* Mone
* Mong Kung: One of the 34 Shan states who were recognized by the British protectorate of Burma within the 1922 Federated Shan States and later constituted an autonomous region ...
* Mongmit: One of the 34 Shan states who were recognized by the British protectorate of Burma within the 1922 Federated Shan States and later constituted an autonomous region ...
* Mong Nai: One of the 34 Shan states, founded in 441 BC, who were recognized by the British protectorate of Burma within the 1922 Federated Shan States and later constituted an ...
* Mong Nong: One of the 34 Shan states who were recognized by the British protectorate of Burma within the 1922 Federated Shan States and later constituted an autonomous region ...
* Mong Pawn: One of the 34 Shan states who were recognized by the British protectorate of Burma within the 1922 Federated Shan States. In 1943, the Japanese transferred Mong Pawn to ...
* Mongyai: The state of Hsenwi was founded in 650 as a dependent principality of Mong Mao and in 1604 was the successor state of Mong Mao, ruled by the last King of Mong Mao. The state was split by the British in 3/1888 into North Hsenwi and South Hsenwi, named Mongyai ...
* Namtok: The smallest of the 34 Shan states who were recognized by the British protectorate of Burma within the 1922 Federated Shan States and later constituted an ...
* North Hsenwi: The state of Hsenwi was founded in 650 as a dependent principality of Mong Mao and in 1604 was the successor state of Mong Mao, ruled by the last King of Mong Mao. The state was split by the British in 3/1888 into North Hsenwi and South Hsenwi, named Mongyai ...
* Pegu: under development
* Pong: under development
* South Hsenwi
* Tawngpeng: Although a Palaung ethnic state, one of the 34 Shan states who were recognized by the British protectorate of Burma within the 1922 Federated Shan States ...
* Thaton
* Thenni
* Thibaw
* Yawnghwe: One of the 34 Shan states who were recognized by the British protectorate of Burma within the 1922 Federated Shan States and later constituted an autonomous region ...